Free Essays on Stay At Home Moms

Today’s American family is very different from the typical â€Å"ideal family† that was the norm only half a century ago. Family life in the 1950s consisted of a father who left for work every morning and a loyal mother who stayed at home to tend to her house and the children. This concept is no longer the norm for American households. Families today come in all shape and sizes, and more and more moms are trading in their gardens and cooking utensils for the hustle and bustle of the American work force. â€Å"The number of employed mothers with children under age 18 were 70.1% in 1999, up from to 66.3% in 1990.†11 Are working mothers better than stay-at-home mothers? For many women, the decision to stay at home or work is very frustrating. What if a mother decides to work? For some families, having mom stay at home is not feasible. A second income is necessary to make ends meet. Even if two incomes is not critical, income is not the advantage when a mother works. Health insurance, life insurance, and saving for retirement can persuade a mom to stay at home or work.. When a mother decides to stay at home, she can cut out the hidden expenses of work. These expenses may include business clothes, dry cleaning, gas, expensive lattes from a coffee shop, and overly-priced burgers at a fast food restaurant.. Staying at home will eliminate child care expenses. Depending on what state a family lives in, child care can add up. â€Å"For example, in Ohio the average cost for full-time child care for a 1-year-old is $4,940.†2 An issue that a working mother has to wrestle with is the emotional and physical well-being of her children. She may feel as if she missing out on the most important years of her kid’s lives. And inevitably, all working moms will miss some of their children’s growing years. Nothing is more heart-breaking to a mother than to hear from a day care giver that Billy said â€Å"momma† for the first ti... Free Essays on Stay At Home Moms Free Essays on Stay At Home Moms Today’s American family is very different from the typical â€Å"ideal family† that was the norm only half a century ago. Family life in the 1950s consisted of a father who left for work every morning and a loyal mother who stayed at home to tend to her house and the children. This concept is no longer the norm for American households. Families today come in all shape and sizes, and more and more moms are trading in their gardens and cooking utensils for the hustle and bustle of the American work force. â€Å"The number of employed mothers with children under age 18 were 70.1% in 1999, up from to 66.3% in 1990.†11 Are working mothers better than stay-at-home mothers? For many women, the decision to stay at home or work is very frustrating. What if a mother decides to work? For some families, having mom stay at home is not feasible. A second income is necessary to make ends meet. Even if two incomes is not critical, income is not the advantage when a mother works. Health insurance, life insurance, and saving for retirement can persuade a mom to stay at home or work.. When a mother decides to stay at home, she can cut out the hidden expenses of work. These expenses may include business clothes, dry cleaning, gas, expensive lattes from a coffee shop, and overly-priced burgers at a fast food restaurant.. Staying at home will eliminate child care expenses. Depending on what state a family lives in, child care can add up. â€Å"For example, in Ohio the average cost for full-time child care for a 1-year-old is $4,940.†2 An issue that a working mother has to wrestle with is the emotional and physical well-being of her children. She may feel as if she missing out on the most important years of her kid’s lives. And inevitably, all working moms will miss some of their children’s growing years. Nothing is more heart-breaking to a mother than to hear from a day care giver that Billy said â€Å"momma† for the first ti...

The Ultimate 6 Step Guide to Resume Writing

The Ultimate 6 Step Guide to Resume Writing Ah, the resume†¦the foundation of every job search. Without it, your experiences and your skills are just kind of on the bench, waiting to be pulled into the game. Chances are, you’ve created a resumes for every job you’ve held as an adult- or more accurately, like, many of us, you pulled a hastily edited and patched document through from job application to job application. It becomes a Frankenstein hodgepodge of skills, old jobs, and technical proficiencies in programs that no longer exist (WordPerfect, anyone?) Isn’t it time to give your resume some love, and turn it into a living snapshot of your professional life? Don’t be lulled by the idea that you only need to work on your resume when you have an immediate need for it- a new job search, or an unexpected job interview coming your way. Think of it as a perennial plant: it should be updated at least once a year to stay current and beautiful. That way it’s ready to go when you do need it, or if you just need a quick reference of your most recent achievements (like during an annual review or if you’re asking for a raise). The good news is that it’s never too late to rebuild your resume. Let’s talk about how to write a resume and creating a new one from scratch, whether you’re new to the process or just want a fresh start. Step 1: Choose Your FormatStep 2: Choose Your TemplateStep 3: Choose Your FeaturesStep 4: Fill In the OutlineStep 5: ProofreadStep 6:  Know Your AudienceStep 1: Choose Your FormatNot all resumes are created the same. Sure, you’ve seen the standard reverse chronological resume that has your address block at the top, followed by an objective (or â€Å"find a job, duh† phrased in a much nicer and professional way), your education, your skills, and a backwards tour of your job history. That’s a great format, because it works (classics are usually classics for a reason). It’s clear, and it shows wher e you’ve been. Yet it’s not right for every job seeker. If you’re a student just out of school, or you’re trying to return to work after a job loss or a break, gaps in that chronological job history could cause raised eyebrows with your interviewer, and distract from the great qualities you would bring to the job.RELATED:  Should You Include a Summary on Your Resume?So there are alternatives to the same old format. Instead of a chronological format, you could go with a functional format, also known as a â€Å"skill-based† resume. In this kind of resume, you lead with a â€Å"qualifications summary† of your most important skills (ideally tailored to the specific job for which you’re applying). This lets you give the most space to your most marketable current qualities, if you’d rather focus on your skills over your experience or history.A third option is to mix the two in a â€Å"combination† resume. The combination res ume is good for mid-career or manager-level applicants, because it demonstrates both your strong work history and the skills you plan to bring to your next job.But what about these fancy video resumes and graphic resumes that the internet tells us are all the rage? They’re great, but for very specific purposes (like if your new job would require on-camera skills or graphic design, respectively). But honestly, a good-old-fashioned resume that you can email or snail mail to someone are still the standard. You’ll never go wrong with a strong, well-written document. You can bring the bells, whistles, and personality in your interview. If you’re having trouble deciding which format is for you, The Muse has more information on how to find the right format for you, and ResumeGenius has a library of different resume types you can review.Step 2: Choose Your  TemplateThere are several ways to go about this. You can settle in with your laptop, a caffeinated beverage, and the blank glowing screen of your favorite word processing app, then start outlining your new resume from scratch.If you find the blank screen to be too daunting, or you want guidance, well, you’re in luck! There are many, many tools online (free and cheap) that will help you build your resume. All you need is an internet connection, some time, and a list of all the things you want to include. If you want additional help from career experts, premium resume building sites often offer coaching and help for a nominal fee.TheJobNetwork has you covered on getting started with some of the best resume template sites and apps to use, including:Google Docs, to which you already have easy access if you have a Gmail or Google+ account. This has the added benefit of being able to import information from other documents you’ve saved in your Google portfolio. (Free)ResumeGenius, which specializes in helping you craft your new resume from the ground up. (Premium account required afte r a free trial period)Resume2016.net, which offers templates, samples, formatting tools, and a resume builder. (Free)LiveCareer, which offers expert advice during the resume creation process. (Premium account required after a free trial period)Hloom, which has more than 275 sample resumes for you to review for inspiration. (Free) You don’t get bonus points for creating your own template, so if you find a format online that feels right for you, use it!Step 3: Choose Your  FeaturesBefore you start writing, think about whether there’s anything else you want to include. Do you have a lot of numbers in your resume (revenue, sales, complicated statistics)? If so, think about whether you’d like to include a small infographic or a table to help present the information clearly.RELATED:  Which Font Should You Use on Your Resume?This is also where you should consider optional elements like the aforementioned â€Å"Objectives† section. Some people argue for keepi ng this traditional part of the resume, as long as you write a clear, well-written one. Others argue that it’s not necessary unless you have a large gap to explain on your resume. The verdict? Include it if there’s an important point to make about your resume, but if you need extra space for skills or work history, it’s expendable.Before you start writing, also put some thought into your font choice. You want something clear, readable, and- above all- professional-looking. Some top choices include Times New Roman, Bell MT, Bodoni MT, Bookman Old Style, Cambria, Goudy Old Style, Calibri, Garamond, and Georgia. No emojis. Ever. And remember: friends don’t let friends use Comic Sans. Also, keep the page layout clean as well. You may feel tempted to use tiny margins or make font size tiny to fit everything in, but you should stick to a basic guideline of 1 inch margins and size 12-14 font for resume body text. Keep in mind that someone might well be reading y our resume on a small phone or tablet screen, so you want it to be as readable as possible.Step 4: Fill In the OutlineWhichever format you’re using, replace any sample text with your own. As you copy and paste, make sure you’re reviewing everything closely for accuracy. (And making sure that you’re not leaving any dummy text in. â€Å"Lorem ipsum† is not going to make much sense to the reader if it pops up in the middle of your skills summary.) If you’re winging it without a set template or app, go one section at a time. Depending on the format you choose (chronological, functional, combo), the order may vary:HeaderYour main information.Marco C. Polo1313 Mockingbird LaneCleveland, OH 11111999-333-2345MCPolo@emailclient.comObjective (optional)This is a specific summary of what you’re hoping to achieve with your job search.Skills/QualificationsThis is bulleted list of your hard skills (certifications, software proficiency, language skills) as well as your soft skills (communication skills, leadership skills, problem solving skills, etc.).Job history/Work ExperienceThis is a series of your jobs, usually in reverse chronological order (starting with your current/most recent job, then working backwards). The more jobs you accumulate in your history, the choosier you can be about how much information to include for each position. For jobs that are most relevant to the job for which you’re applying, provide as many details as possible. For way-back jobs like your summer spent working at Dairy Queen in high school, consider skipping altogether unless they’re directly relevant to the new job description.EducationHere is where you’d include information about schools attended, honors received, and degrees completed. You don’t need to include years (you’re not required to indicate your age to potential employers), but be specific about schools and degrees. If you’re just out of school, you can fill in bullets about relevant classwork or extracurricular activities.Volunteer experience and interestsIf you have volunteer experience, you can include it towards the end (space permitting- if you’re going over a page, this is a section that could be better covered in an interview or cover letter).References Unless a job description specifically requests references up front, this is not a section you need on your resume anymore- and in fact, it takes up valuable space you could be using for skills and experience. You don’t even need to add a â€Å"references available upon request† line. Most employers take for granted that a job candidate will provide references if things progress.Step 5: Proofread You must, must, must proofread your resume closely before you send it out, at a minimum. Ideally, pick a trusted person to read it for you (the picker the person is, the better!). You want another set of eyes that isn’t familiar with every word in the document. This person can help flag any typos, but also let you know if your resume flows well and makes sense.Step 6:  Know Your AudienceWhichever format you choose, it’s very important to tailor your resume for the job for which you’re applying. If you’re building/rebuilding your resume for the sake of having a new and refreshed one on hand, it’s fine to keep a kind of generic version. But before you send it anywhere, be sure to look closely at the job at hand, and make sure that you’re playing up the skills and experience mentioned in the job description.And with that, you’ve got a new and improved resume ready to go for the next opportunity!RELATED: The Ultimate Resume Guide for Every Job Seeker

Organizational Behavior & Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Organizational Behavior & Leadership - Essay Example Leader B and leader C are senior members of the organization with chances of succeeding Executive A. Executive A is a level five leader. The leadership style integrates features of transformational and transactional leadership styles and focuses on an organization’s long term objectives while shifting focus from the leader. The leader therefore motivates and empowers people to achievement of collective objectives and defines rules to guide people in their designated roles. Rewards or penalty may follow this and integration of features of transformational and transactional leadership may be situational of hybrid. Executive A’s driven and ambitious state identifies transformational features towards inspiration and motivation of followers while his high level focus indicates transactional trait of adherence to guidelines. The leader also shifts focus from him to the organization by attributing success to other leaders. His ability to accept responsibility for mistakes and his role in developing leaders further identifies transformational trait. The executive therefore ha s the traits of a level five leader (Phillips and Gully, 2011). Leader B identifies with transactional leadership style. One of the features of the style is a contingent reward system in which the leaders establishes standards for followers and uses the standard for appraisal and reward. Employees who meet the set standards receive reward while those who do not may either not be rewarded or may be penalized for failure. The leaders also believed in routine operation and does not emphasize on employees’ innovation and growth. From this perspective, performance is based on set instructions and not on an organization’s overall objectives. The leader therefore becomes active when employees deviate from expectations. In leader B’s approach to leadership, clarification of roles to be

Qaulity Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Qaulity Paper - Essay Example It is important to elucidate the fact that these indicators are a reveals certain features and characteristics of nursing care such as organization, procedure, and results of nursing care. Nursing sensitive indicators are classified or categorized into three i.e. organizational, procedural, and results based indicators. Organizational indicators include issues such as inadequate personnel, level of abilities, talents, and expertise of nursing personnel, and level of edification, qualifications, and official recognition. Procedural indicators assess the procedures used in identification of disease, intercession, and contentment of nursing personnel. Result based indicators focuses on the value and magnitude of the nursing care (Marquis & Huston, 2011). This paper focuses on the supply of nursing personnel as a sensitive indicator. Staffing level To understand what makes the supply of adequate amounts of personnel in nursing a nursing sensitive issue, it is important to posit that many countries have imposed compulsory nursing staffing levels. Staffing level is nursing sensitive as it is a major determinant of nursing outcome. Results from studies done in the past have elucidated the importance of having adequate levels of staff in nursing practice. First, adequate levels of personnel in nursing have a positive impact on the overall effect of nursing care. For instance, it has been proved to reduce the number of deaths. Adequate amounts of staff or personnel also ensures that sick individuals receive quality care, and also boosts competence and ensures good organization of nursing practice. Secondly there is a high chance or probability of nursing care in institutions with limited personnel to be unsuccessful as compared to institutions with adequate levels of staff (Montalvo, 2007). Previous methodical investigations and studies have shown the direct relationship between adequate supply of nurses as well as other medical personnel providing nursing care and enha nced or better results from nursing care, enhanced staffing levels and maintenance and preservation of nursing personnel, and monetary gains to managers as well as to the society in general. This is what makes staffing levels in nursing a sensitive issue. The level of nursing care is affected by inadequate amounts of nursing personnel. Research has shown that institutions that give accounts to the impingement on nursing care have been proved to be overwhelmed by the high levels of patients seeking medical attention as a result of inadequate staffing. Adequate staffing in nursing care leads to contentment in both patients and nursing personnel. Adequate staffing also boosts motivation among nurses as well as other personnel involved in nursing care as the nurses are dealing with the amount of work within their abilities (Nakrem et-al, 2009). Understaffing leads to pressure as the nurses are dealing with much work than they can handle. Workers who lack motivation may resign and go in search of other opportunities. Offering high quality care will consequently lead to financial gains as more patients will seek treatment in a health institution offering specialized and high quality care. Measurement of staffing level Staffing level is measure through assessing and computing the fraction of overall hours presented by each of the nurses in practice in a

Affects of Westernization on Youth and Culture Essay Example for Free

Affects of Westernization on Youth and Culture Essay Youth are the back bone to a nation. The young generation occupies a special place in a society. They can change the future of the society with their spirited behavior. In a broader sense, the future of any society depends on the youth. The youth are ready to adapt changes because they are young, in search of truth and they are open to different ideas. Young people have better concentrating span contrary to old ones and that is how changes are brought in a society. All societies pay special attention to the youth. The youth acts as the motivating force of revolution. No revolution can be successful without the efforts of youth in a course of action. Their youthful energy enables them to perform great in every field and enables them to be innovative and skillful. Culture is the complete range of learned human behavior patterns. It includes a set of Customs, beliefs, and traditions. Culture is also shaped by Religion, language, festivals, dress, arts and craft. Culture is passed down from generation to generation. Youth of a society preserves its culture. All Cultures are naturally prone to change and, at the same time, to resist change. There are three general sources of influence that are responsible for both change and resistance to it: Forces at work within a society, Contact between societies and Changes in the natural environment. Within a society, processes leading to change include invention and culture loss. Inventions may be either technological or ideological. Technological inventions include new tools, energy sources, and transportation methods. Culture loss is an unavoidable result of old cultural patterns being replaced by new ones. For example, not many Pakistanis today know how to care for a horse. A century ago, this was common knowledge among many people because buggies and horse-riding were the only means of transportation. Since then, vehicles with internal combustion engines have replaced horses and horse care knowledge lost its importance. As a result, children are rarely taught these skills. Instead, they are trained in the use of the new technologies of automobiles, televisions, cellular phones, computers, and iPods. The processes leading to change that occur as a result of contact between societies are diffusion, acculturation and transculturation. Diffusion is the movement of things and ideas from one culture to another. When diffusion occurs, the form of a trait may move from one society to another but not its original cultural meaning. Acculturation is what happens to an entire culture when unfamiliar traits diffuse in on a large scale and significantly replace traditional cultural patterns. Transculturation is what happens to an individual when he or she moves to another society and adopts its culture. The word westernization is defined as â€Å"The social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization†. The youth of Pakistan is talented and dedicated. Unfortunately, the youth today is involved in activities which are neither useful to them nor the nation. All that keeps them busy during the day are games, TV shows, movies and socializing with their peers which these days, is commonly called â€Å"hanging out†. At night, they’re busy chatting on the internet, listening to music, attending late night parties and some are even involved in illegal activities like smoking and drinking. They have no vision and instead of improving themselves or doing something productive, they choose to waste their time. All this is because of westernization of youth in Pakistan. Over the past decade, the youth of Pakistan has been adversely affected by western culture. A significant change has been observed in the culture of Pakistan. Many regional rituals have either been forgotten or replaced by western rituals; young people prefer western attire over national dress, fast food is preferred over regional food, family values are not practiced the way they used to, dating has become very common and violent behavior has become a trend among youngsters. In such a situation, culture cannot be passed on in its original form; it would rather be modified or to be more specific, westernized.

Fate, Destiny, and Predestination in Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf E

Fate, Destiny, and Predestination in Beowulf An epic story is one that combines elements of supernatural powers and heroic deeds with plebeian troubles. In Beowulf , the unknown author paints a typical yet magnificent tale that is one of the great epic chronicles of the Middle Ages. Like the poems of Homer, Beowulf possesses terrible monsters, men with supernatural powers, the search for glory, and deadly defeats. However, this medieval account brings a new element into the folds: the association between established religious forces and personal choices. The concepts of predestination and fate intertwine in this work with the idea of free will. Throughout the poem, characters struggle to understand who and/or what is the guiding force for actions and events. Although this answer remains a mystery, many proverbs and traditions hint at the proper way to live and act. The advice, "Let whoever can/ win glory before death" (lines 1387-8), exalts the idea that champions are the most likely to live a bountiful life and are the ones who uphold the highest ideals in society. Bravery and wise choices create circumstances that cannot determine a future, but can help to lead a man to his predetermined best end. A specific incident in Beowulf exemplifies this connection among free will, glory, and predestination. Beowulf's fight with the dragon and dying words demonstrate the overarching idea that although fate, destiny, and God work to direct a man toward his death, free will and the glory acquired because of it determine how a man is remembered and honored during his life. In a society like Beowulf's, ruled by kings and noblemen, destiny is the most common indication of greatness; accordingly, destiny itself is measured most oft... ... and King Beowulf's dying words, the reader begins to form a clear picture of the warrior's motivations for previous decisions in the poem. Awareness of the lack of fear of death is an important ingredient to understanding the sometimes rash actions of the protagonist. The apparent non-conflict that Beowulf demonstrates in this final scene between free will and fate allows previous choices to have merit and credibility. In the final lines of Beowulf's life, the reader sees the transition between the living and eternal worlds occur in the hero. Because he clearly gains honor and admiration in life due to his choices and will go on to claim his fated seat among the kings in the heavens, Beowulf is the example of this epic poem's declaration to attain glory in both life and death. Work Cited Heaney, Seamus, trans. Beowulf . New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2000.

What is Hip-Hop?

Decades ago, hip-hop was associated and characterized with baggy pants and loose shirts. Hip-hop connoted one’s identity and is also considered as a form of self expression. However, that connotation has evolved through time. These days, hip-hop is not just mainly a self-articulation; it is now more of a culture and a movement that focuses on music, fashion and self-articulation. During the 1970s, only several black radio stations played disco music which gave negative implication on African Americans. Because of this, they reacted and responded by hosting â€Å"block parties,† which is usually comprised of disc jockey (DJ)–a person who plays funk, disco and soul music–within their communities. A little later, hip-hop started to emerge in Bronx when a DJ named Clive â€Å"Kool Herc† Campbell utilized percussion break beats to craft songs derived from Jamaican dance hall music. Hip-hop, thus, started to flourish. Performers who spoke in sync with beat became known as emcees (MCs). Few of the famous groups in this field are Afrika Bombaataa and the Zulu Nation (Coger, 2009). Afrika Bombaataa was the one who coined the term hip-hop and gave rise to the emerging popularity of the genre. According to Afrika Bombaataa, hip-hop was derived from Lovebug Starski, a South Bronx disc jockey wherein he always says, â€Å"hip hop you don’t stop that makes your body rock. † Bombaataa started using the term by pertaining to ghetto-culture that emerged on the streets. Moreover, his concept of hip-hop covered urban street expression and attitude such as gestures, language and stylized clothes that were attributed with street culture (Reyes 47-49, 98). Nowadays, hip-hop has extended its meanings, definitions and characterizations. Hiphop, a word usually spelled as hip-hop, Hip-hop, Hip-Hop or Hiphop (â€Å"HipHop†), is a cultural movement than began in urban youth in New York, from primarily African American which further extended around the world (â€Å"Hip Hop†). Its emergence represents black youth organization, an illustration of a particular species of social movement. Hip-hop, as a movement, needs to be discussed carefully because its depiction is occupied with style, performance, opposition, leisure, consumption, representation and entrepreneurship (Watkins 65). On the other hand, hip-hop is also exemplified as a form of music. It is a billion dollar industry and one of the most renowned music genres in the world (Coger). It encompasses four elements namely MCing, DJing, graffiti art and break dancing. Others consider beat boxing as its fifth element (â€Å"Hip Hop†). Since its acceptance and creation, hip-hop has conjured up its wonder by commemorating its origins and by maintaining its expression of social, political and personal struggles (Rentas 2009). The aforementioned definitions of hip-hop can be traced from Bombaataa; however it is not anymore applicable to the hip-hop acts of today because several famous artists do not anymore embrace hip-hop as a self-expressive message; instead they frequently produce music for the sole reason and purpose of selling a commodity (Berky and Greer). Hip-hop, in another sense, is more than just a form of music. It is also considered as a state of being, a form of expression, spoken words, a mindset and a lifestyle. It is also a manner of articulating one’s self by way of dress, language, writing, personality, attitude and behavior (Leslie). Hip-hop is a culture that materialized as a worldview among adults and youth born after 1965. It covers shared beliefs, practices and language, all of which are bound together by a common appreciation for urban aesthetic. Hip-hop as a culture and worldview possesses two essential characteristics: the urban youth aesthetics and urban youth experience (Ginwright 31). Hip-hop as an urban youth aesthetic is most distinguishable through its physical features that are articulated through music, language, clothing and art. It pertains to the visual and artistic expression. On the contrary, hip-hop as an urban youth experience is molded by economic seclusion, poverty and struggle â€Å"to make it out† of the paraphernalia of ghettos. It validates and legitimizes the experiences of pain, hostility, fear, hope and love that have been overlooked in mainstream America for the urban youth. Thus, the relationship between black youth identity and hip-hop cannot be separated (Ginwright 31-32). Furthermore, hip-hop is regarded as a social movement. Social movement is generally characterized by sociologists as collective efforts that endeavor social change. However, hip-hop as a social movement follows different pattern because of three important considerations. First is its emergence as a movement which belongs in the field of pop culture, is a discipline not commonly considered as political and not generally recognized as capable of producing social change. Second is the fact that it is founded and patronized by youth and creative people, who are not ordinarily looked upon as interested in implementing social change. Lastly, it allows the participants to see themselves as part of a bigger society. Thus, it creates a sense of collective identity and organization. Hip-hop as a movement represents a different mode of intervention in the social realm (Watkins 65). If hip-hop is not acknowledged then as a movement that can make a change in the world, on the other hand, it is essential to look at it from another side. Today, hip-hop has revolutionized new genres of music, such as reggaeton, and has influenced the political system. One good example is when Kilopatrick, from a hip-hop generation, defeated the Detroit’s current mayor Gil Hill. It is because the youths from the hip-hop generation have already grown and have already obtained the right and freedom to vote. Their voices have already begun to be heard in the political spectrum. During that time, the election is divided by generation gap that the candidates represented for. The victory of Kilopatrick illustrates the hip-hop’s power over the political arena in order to craft political changes, which for them are very important (qtd. Berky and Greer). Hip-hop is hailed for creating impacts on the society, especially to women of color. Hip-hop, hence, gives a space and outline for their lives. It can be sifted in their hair style, as well as in the way they run, pose, turn, talk and walk. Women has now influenced and affected most elements of hip-hop such as break dancing, poetry, MC, DJ, graffiti artists, beat boxing and pop locking. Hip-hop has also made its way on beauty pageants and top models just like how Tyra Bank’s UPN show, America’s Next Top Model, chooses two hip-hop fashion models in the previous two years (Leslie). On the other hand, hip-hop has been one of the sources of controversies. As such, it has already been blamed and accused of elevating violence, misogyny and homophobia (â€Å"Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes†). Critics have also said that it promotes rebellion and prostitution. Several hip-hop artists exploit women of color through their song lyrics which depict contempt of women (Leslie). Hip-hop is not just a style of fashion where the youth wears baggy clothes, tattoos or ghetto attires (Leslie). Hip-hop comes in many forms. It is a social movement because its members are youth of a particular community who expresses and articulates their voices and ideas through MCing, DJing, graffiti art and poetry. Even some of hip-hop forms have inculcated political activism within its tenets. Hip-hop is also a cultural movement because it mirrors the culture of a particular group during a particular time. It transpires in a community setting where youth creates a collective identity of the group and of the hip-hop culture itself. Nonetheless, hip-hop is a form of music. Nowadays, it is considered as one of the most well-known genres by marking a history in the music industry. Moreover, hip-hop is indeed an expression of one’s self – a form of articulating and expressing one’s nature and character through hair styles, fashion, music, language and representation.

History of martial law

Brief History of Martial LawOn September 21, 1972, Marcos issued Proclamation 1081, declaring martial law over the entire country , claiming that it was the last defense against the rising disorder caused by increasingly violent student demonstrations, the alleged threats of communist insurgency by the new Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the Muslim separatist movement of theMoro National Liberation Front (MNLF). One of his first actions was to arrest opposition politicians in Congress and the Constitutional Convention.Initial public reaction to martial law was mostly favourable except in Muslim areas of the south, where a separatist rebellion, led by the MNLF, broke out in 1973. Despite halfhearted attempts to negotiate a cease-fire, the rebellion continued to claim thousands of military and civilian casualties. Communist insurgency expanded with the creation of the National Democratic Front (NDF), an organization embracing the CPP and other communist groups. Under mart ial law the regime was able to reduce violent urban crime, collect unregistered firearms, and suppress communist insurgency in some areas.At the same time, a series of important new concessions were given to foreign investors, including a prohibition on strikes by organized labour, and a land-reform program was launched. In January 1973 Marcos proclaimed the ratification of a new constitution based on the parliamentary system, with himself as both president and prime minister. He did not, however, convene the interim legislature that was called for in that document. Under the president’s command, the military arrested opposition figures, including Benigno Aquino, journalists, student and labor activists, and criminal elements.A total of about 30,000 detainees were kept at military compounds run by the army and the Philippine Constabulary. Weapons were confiscated, and â€Å"private armies† connected with prominent politicians and other figures were broken up. Newspaper s were shut down, and the mass media were brought under tight control. With the stroke of a pen, Marcos closed the Philippine Congress and assumed its legislative responsibilities. During the 1972-81 martial law period, Marcos, invested with dictatorial powers, issued hundreds of presidential decrees, many of which were never published.Like much else connected with Marcos, the declaration of martial law had a theatrical, smoke-and-mirrors quality. The incident that precipitated Proclamation 1081 was an attempt, allegedly by communists, to assassinate Minister of National Defense Enrile. As Enrile himself admitted after Marcos’s downfall in 1986, his unoccupied car had been riddled by machinegun bullets fired by his own men on the night that Proclamation 1081 was signed. Most Filipinos–or at least those well positioned within the economic and social elites–initially supported the imposition of martial law.The rising tide of violence and lawlessness was apparent t o everyone. Although still modest in comparison with the Huk insurgency of the early 1950s, the New People’s Army was expanding, and the Muslim secessionist movement continued in the south with foreign support. Well-worn themes of communist conspiracy–Marcos claimed that a network of â€Å"front organizations† was operating â€Å"among our peasants, laborers, professionals, intellectuals, students, and mass media personnel†Ã¢â‚¬â€œfound a ready audience in the United States, which did not protest the demise of Philippine democracy.The New Society Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating a â€Å"New Society† based on new social and political values. He argued that certain aspects of personal behavior, attributed to a colonial mentality, were obstacles to effective modernization. These included the primacy of personal connections, as reflected in the ethic of utang na loob, and the importance of maintaining in-group harmony and coh erence, even at the cost to the national community.A new spirit of self-sacrifice for the national welfare was necessary if the country were to equal the accomplishments of its Asian neighbors, such as Taiwan and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Despite Marcos’s often perceptive criticisms of the old society, Marcos, his wife, and a small circle of close associates, the crony group, now felt free to practice corruption on an awe-inspiring scale. Political, economic, and social policies were designed to neutralize Marcos’s rivals within the elite.The old political system, with its parties, rough-and-tumble election campaigns, and a press so uninhibited in its vituperative and libelous nature that it was called â€Å"the freest in the world,† had been boss-ridden and dominated by the elite since early American colonial days, if not before. The elite, however, composed of local political dynasties, had never been a homogeneous group. Its feuds and tensions, fue led as often by assaults on amor proprio (self-esteem) as by disagreement on ideology or issues, made for a pluralistic system.Marcos’s self-proclaimed â€Å"revolution from the top† deprived significant portions of the old elite of power and patronage. For example, the powerful Lopez family, who had fallen out of Marcos’s favor (Fernando Lopez had served as Marcos’s first vice president), was stripped of most of its political and economic assets. Although always influential, during the martial law years, Imelda Marcos built her own power base, with her husband’s support. Concurrently the governor of Metro Manila and minister of human settlements (a post created for her), she exercised significant powers. Crony CapitalismDuring the first years of martial law, the economy benefited from increased stability, and business confidence was bolstered by Marcos’s appointment of talented technocrats to economic planning posts. Despite the 1973 oil pr ice rise shock, the growth of the gross national product (GNP) was respectable, and the oil-pushed inflation rate, reaching 40 percent in 1974, was trimmed back to 10 percent the following year. Between 1973 and the early 1980s, dependence on imported oil was reduced by domestic finds and successful energy substitution measures, including one of the world’s most ambitious geothermal energy programs.Claiming that â€Å"if land reform fails, there is no New Society,† Marcos launched highly publicized new initiatives that resulted in the formal transfer of land to some 184,000 farming families by late 1975. The law was filled with loopholes, however, and had little impact on local landowning elites or landless peasants, who remained desperately poor. The largest, most productive, and technically most advanced manufacturing enterprises were gradually brought under the control of Marcos’s cronies.For example, the huge business conglomerate owned by the Lopez family, which included major newspapers, a broadcast network, and the country’s largest electric power company, was broken up and distributed to Marcos loyalists including Imelda Marcos’s brother, Benjamin â€Å"Kokoy† Romualdez, and another loyal crony, Roberto Benedicto. Huge monopolies and semimonopolies were established in manufacturing, construction, and financial services. When these giants proved unprofitable, the government subsidized them with allocations amounting to hundreds of millions of pesos.Philippine Airlines, the nation’s international and domestic air carrier, was nationalized and turned into what one author has called a â€Å"virtual private commuter line† for Imelda Marcos and her friends on shopping excursions to New York and Europe. Probably the most negative impact of crony capitalism, however, was felt in the traditional cash-crop sector, which employed millions of ordinary Filipinos in the rural areas. (The coconut industry alone brought income to an estimated 15 million to 18 million people. ) Under Benedicto and Eduardo Cojuangco, distribution and marketing monopolies for sugar and coconuts were established.Farmers on the local level were obliged to sell only to the monopolies and received less than world prices for their crops; they also were the first to suffer when world commodity prices dropped. Millions of dollars in profits from these monopolies were diverted overseas into Swiss bank accounts, real estate deals, and purchases of art, jewelry, and antiques. On the island of Negros in the Visayas, the region developed by Nicholas Loney for the sugar industry in the nineteenth century, sugar barons continued to live lives of luxury, but the farming community suffered from degrees of malnutrition rare in other parts of Southeast Asia.Ferdinand Marcos was responsible for making the previously nonpolitical, professional Armed Forces of the Philippines, which since American colonial times had been modeled o n the United States military, a major actor in the political process. This subversion occurred done in two ways. First, Marcos appointed officers from the Ilocos region, his home province, to its highest ranks. Regional background and loyalty to Marcos rather than talent or a distinguished service record were the major factors in promotion.Fabian Ver, for example, had been a childhood friend of Marcos and later his chauffeur, rose to become chief of staff of the armed forces and head of the internal security network. Secondly, both officers and the rank and file became beneficiaries of generous budget allocations. Officers and enlisted personnel received generous salary increases. Armed forces personnel increased from about 58,000 in 1971 to 142,000 in 1983. Top-ranking military officers, including Ver, played an important policy-making role.On the local level, commanders had opportunities to exploit the economy and establish personal patronage networks, as Marcos and the military e stablishment evolved a symbiotic relationship under martial law. A military whose commanders, with some exceptions, were rewarded for loyalty rather than competence proved both brutal and ineffective in dealing with the rapidly growing communist insurgency and Muslim separatist movement. Treatment of civilians in rural areas was often harsh, causing rural people, as a measure of self-protection rather than ideological commitment, to cooperate with the insurgents.The communist insurgency, after some reverses in the 1970s, grew quickly in the early 1980s, particularly in some of the poorest regions of the country. The Muslim separatist movement reached a violent peak in the mid1970s and then declined greatly, because of divisions in the leadership of the movement and reduced external support brought about by the diplomatic activity of the Marcos government. Relations with the United States remained most important for the Philippines in the 1970s, although the special relationship betw een the former and its ex-colony was greatly modified as trade, investment, and defense ties were redefined.The Laurel-Langley Agreement defining preferential United States tariffs for Philippine exports and parity privileges for United States investors expired on July 4, 1974, and trade relations were governed thereafter by the international General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). During the martial law period, foreign investment terms were substantially liberalized, despite official rhetoric about foreign â€Å"exploitation† of the economy. A policy promoting â€Å"nontraditional† exports such as textiles, footwear, electronic components, and fresh and processed foods was initiated with some success.Japan increasingly challenged the United States as a major foreign participant in the Philippine economy. The status of United States military bases was redefined when a major amendment to the Military Bases Agreement of 1947 was signed on January 6, 1979, reaffirm ing Philippine sovereignty over the bases and reducing their total area. At the same time, the United States administration promised to make its â€Å"best effort† to obtain congressional appropriations for military and economic aid amounting to US$400 million between 1979 to 1983.The amendment called for future reviews of the bases agreement every fifth year. Although the administration of President Jimmy Carter emphasized promoting human rights worldwide, only limited pressure was exerted on Marcos to improve the behavior of the military in rural areas and to end the death-squad murder of opponents. (Pressure from the United States, however, did play a role in gaining the release of Benigno Aquino in May 1980, and he was allowed to go to the United States for medical treatment after spending almost eight years in prison, including long  stretches of time in solitary confinement. )On January 17, 1981, Marcos issued Proclamation 2045, formally ending martial law. Some contr ols were loosened, but the ensuing New Republic proved to be a superficially liberalized version of the crony-dominated New Society. Predictably, Marcos won an overwhelming victory in the June 1981 presidential election, boycotted by the main opposition groups, in which his opponents were nonentities.

The Armenian; A forgotten people essays

The Armenian; A forgotten people essays In the world one lives in today, it occurs quite often to converse with people of all ages who do not know of Armenia and her proud people. Rarely does one know of the country, none the less of her mysterious and complex past. Armenia is one of the most difficult civilizations to describe and trace, because of the lack of archaeological proof and hence the many different opinions of historians, archaeologists and so forth. Even with a blurry past, the Armenian people have survived over the last three thousand years (approximately 1500 BC to present day). The Armenian people have survived through so much over these last centuries that one may wonder how they have made it alive today. Armenians have been under the power of so many empires (Urartians, Persians, Arabs, Romans, Parthians and so forth), and have survived through a genocide as a result of living in a place surrounded by neighboring countries opposing to such things as their values, religion and ways of life. The Armenian pe ople have persisted throughout these times because of their keen sense of survival, the love for their religion and their pride and unity as Armenians. Armenians have a very blurry and uncertain past. As mentioned above, with the lack of historical, geographical and archaeological proof, it is very demanding to accurately trace Armenia's history. Though history dates the beginning of Armenians back to around 1165 BCE, Armenians have legends, who to them helped forge their beginnings, at a much earlier date. For example such pioneers would be Haig (Hayg), Armenag and Harma (2350-1700 BC). Unfortunately, since they are only legends, it befalls quite normally that historians will not take into consideration these forefathers of Armenia. It is one aspect of Armenian history which will have to continue living on with her people. Armenians probably originated from Europe. Although there are many opinions on how Armenians migrated from Europe to Armenia, th...

Introduction to the Conditions and Categories of Price Discrimination

Introduction to the Conditions and Categories of Price Discrimination On a general level, price discrimination refers to the practice of charging different prices to different consumers or groups of consumers without a corresponding difference in the cost of providing a good or service. Conditions Necessary for Price Discrimination In order to be able to price discriminate among consumers, a firm must have some market power and not operate in a perfectly competitive market. More specifically, a firm must be the only producer of the particular good or service that it provides. (Note that, strictly speaking, this condition requires that a producer be a monopolist, but the product differentiation present under monopolistic competition could allow for some price discrimination as well.) If this were not the case, firms would have an incentive to compete by undercutting competitors prices to the high-priced consumer groups, and price discrimination would not be able to be sustained. If a producer wants to discriminate on  price, it must also be the case that resale markets for the producers output do not exist. If consumers could resell the firms output, then consumers who are offered low prices under price discrimination could resell to consumers who are offered higher prices, and the benefits of price discrimination to the producer would vanish. Types of Price Discrimination Not all price discrimination is the same, and economists generally organize price discrimination into three separate categories. First-Degree Price Discrimination: First-degree price discrimination exists when a producer charges each individual his or her full willingness to pay for a good or service. It is also referred to as perfect price discrimination, and it can be difficult to implement because its generally not obvious what each individuals willingness to pay is. Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Second-degree price discrimination exists when a firm charges different prices per unit for different quantities of output. Second-degree price discrimination usually results in lower prices for customers buying larger quantities of a good and vice versa. Thirds of third-degree price discrimination include student discounts, senior citizen discounts, and so on. In general, groups with higher price elasticity of demand are charged lower prices than other groups under third-degree price discrimination and vice versa. While it may seem counterintuitive, it is possible that the ability to price discriminate actually reduces the inefficiency that is a result of monopolistic behavior. This is because price discrimination enables a firm to increase output and offer lower prices to some customers, whereas a monopolist might not be willing to lower prices and increase output otherwise if it had to lower the price to all consumers.

This i believe essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This i believe - Essay Example Friendship is a form of love that people share and comes along through common interests where friends enjoy what they do and share and interact regularly. Moreover, having gone through the same experiences in life ties people together and sharing values makes friendship to be stronger. Furthermore, true friendship is the will to put happiness before friendship and telling of something that one does not want to hear. A true friend inspires, motivates, and encourages an individual to live up to their best potential. They always have the best interests of their friends in their hearts and are always available when one is down. In addition, they laugh with their friends in times of happiness and in times of sorrow they comfort and cry with them. For the longest time I relied on friends for company and affection. Truth be told, I was happy about that and regarded myself as the luckiest person in the world. Somehow, I often felt that I was not giving my best to one of my good friends. This kept me thinking since my friendship experiences were different from the way it is portrayed culturally. One of my true friends was a drug addict and it was so scary since she could not survive without drugs. This is something that people, especially the parents and close relatives did not know. It was difficult to pass such kind of information to the parents and relatives, as it is not acceptable in the society to abuse drugs. As a friend, I knew I had a big challenge of helping my friend and keeping her on the right track. One day, we had a chat and I knew it was my responsibility to help her get out of the huge problem she was in. She was hesitant at first and asked that I should not tell. I told her I was not going to, but I was going t o help. I advised that she should see a counselor who would guide on how to stop using the drugs. I supported her financially and emotionally and even helped her look for a counselor. It was not easy, but after all, I was happy since I knew she